Mortality rate from indoor and ambient air pollution per 100,000 population

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Headline data

3.9.1. Mortality rate from indoor and ambient air pollution per 100,000 population
Year Value
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020 160.1
2021 172.1
2022 153.0
2023 149.0
2024 108.6

Source: National Agency for Public Health

Geographical Area: Republic of Moldova

Unit of Measurement: Per 100 000 population

Footnote:

This table provides metadata for the actual indicator available from Moldovan statistics closest to the corresponding global SDG indicator. Please note that even when the global SDG indicator is fully available, this table should be consulted for information on national methodology and other Moldovan-specific metadata information.

Indicator

Indicator 3.9.1: Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution per 100,000 population
Definition and concepts

The mortality resulting from the exposure to ambient (outdoor) air pollution and household (indoor) air pollution from polluting fuels used for cooking and/or heating was assessed. Ambient air pollution results from emissions from industrial activity, households, cars and trucks which are complex mixtures of air pollutants, many of which are harmful to health. Of all these pollutants, fine particulate matter has the greatest effect on human health. By polluting fuels is understood kerosene, wood, coal, animal dung, charcoal, and crop wastes.
Unit of measure

Per 100 000 population
Method of computation
<p>The mortality rate attributable to the joint effects of household and ambient air pollution can be expressed as: crude death rate or age-standardized death rate. Crude rates are calculated by dividing the brut number of deaths by the total population (or indicated if a different population group is used, e.g. children under 5 years), while the age-standardized rates adjust for differences in the age distribution of the population by applying the observed age-specific mortality rates for each population to a standard population.</p> <p>The SDG indicator 3.9.1 was calculated for the first time according to the international methodology recommended by the WHO, using Integrated Exposure–Response (IER) functions to estimate the relative risk associated with exposure to fine particles PM₂.₅. The attributable fraction (AF) was determined for the main causes of death associated with air pollution: acute lower respiratory tract infections, cerebrovascular diseases, ischemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer.</p> <p>Evidence from epidemiological studies have shown that exposure to air pollution is linked, among others, to the important underlying causes of death taken into account in this estimate: - Acute lower respiratory infections (estimated in all age groups; ICD-10: J09-J22, P23, U04 ); - Cerebrovascular diseases (stroke) in adults (estimated above 25 years; ICD-10: I60-I69); - Ischaemic heart diseases (IHD) in adults (estimated above 25 years; ICD-10: I20-I25); - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in adults (estimated above 25 years; ICD-10: J40-J44); and - Lung cancer in adults (estimated above 25 years; ICD-10: C33-C34).</p>
Comparability with global indicator

The SDG indicator 3.9.1 was calculated for the first time according to the international methodology recommended by the WHO.
Periodicity

annual
Data last updated Jul 15, 2026
Metadata last updated Jul 15, 2026

This table provides information on metadata for SDG indicators as defined by the UN Statistical Commission. Complete global metadata is provided by the UN Statistics Division.

Indicator

Indicator 3.9.1: Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution

Target

Target 3.9: By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination
UN designated tier

1
Link to global metadata

https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-03-09-01.pdf
metadata_fields.goal_meta_link_text

United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Metadata (PDF)
International organisations(s) responsible for global monitoring

World Health Organization (WHO)
Related indicators

11.6.2: Annual mean levels of fine particulate matter (e.g. PM2.5 and PM10) in cities (population weighted)

7.1.2: Proportion of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technology
Metadata update

2023-12-15

Source 1

Data sources
<p>Statistical data on population mortality by causes of death - National Agency for Public Health</p> <p>Statistical data on population - National Bureau of Statistics</p>
Data producers

National Agency for Public Health
Data providers
<p>National Agency for Public Health</p> <p>National Bureau of Statistics</p>
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